February 21, 2008
OJPCR 8.1: Can Tibet Play the Role of Buffer State Again?
Gunjan Singh
The establishment of the British Empire in India in 1757 and economic penetration of China by the Western Powers from 1839 fundamentally altered the traditional balance of power on the Asian continent. British policy towards Tibet was characterized by two conflicting imperatives which, throughout their rule in India, they sought to reconcile. From early on, the British rulers realized the importance of Tibet as a buffer between India and any other external power on the north, be it France, Russia or China. However, to support or even encourage a completely independent Tibet was to damage a much larger commercial interest in China. Thus, they sought to limit Chinese power in Tibet and encourage Tibetan autonomy. In short, the British Government recognized what they called Chinese “suzerainty” but not sovereignty in Lhasa. The British rulers were unsuccessful in establishing contact with Lhasa until 1904.
Posted by Editor at 10:48 AM
February 20, 2008
OJPCR 8.1: From Terrorism to Legitimacy: Political Opportunity Structures and the Case of Hezbollah
Cliff Staten
In the last quarter of a century several groups, who were at one time or another engaged in terrorist activities, have made a step toward political legitimacy by competing in democratic or relatively open elections. Sinn Fein/Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) in Northern Ireland, Hamas in Palestine, al Fatah/al Aqsa Martyr Brigades in Palestine, the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and Jordan, the Batasuna/Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) in Spain, and Hezbollah/Islamic Resistance in Lebanon are sometimes cited as examples. This is significant because according to Marina Ottaway of the Carnegie Endowment:there is ample evidence that participation in an electoral process forces any party, regardless of ideology, to moderate its position if it wants to attract voters in large numbers.Assuming that Ottaway is correct, the decision by a terrorist group (who, by definition, represent extremist positions) to participate in the legitimate political processes can be transformative in terms of the group’s goals. Thus, it is very important to identify and study the factors which are conducive to or create not only an opportunity for a terrorist group to become a legitimate participant in a relatively open political process but also, over time, to become an active and engaged political participant.
Posted by Editor at 02:00 PM
OJPCR 8.1: Linking Immigrants and Terrorists: The Use of Immigration as an Anti-Terror Policy
Alexander Spencer
Abstract: Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 ‘immigration’ has once again become an important international topic and has been framed as a national security concern. In response to the attacks by 19 foreign terrorists and as a part of the ‘war on terrorism’, governments have responded with the introduction of tighter immigration controls and restrictions as part of their counter-terrorism offensive. It has become widely accepted by politicians to view ‘immigration’ as an important tool in the ‘war on terrorism’. They have articulated a link between immigration and international terrorism which has found its way into government policies. Are counter-terrorist measures involving anti-immigration policies a good or effective way of fighting international terrorism? This paper will critically examine the validity and usefulness of linking ‘terrorism’ with ‘immigration’ and attempts to briefly indicate possible explanations for the development of this link.
Posted by Editor at 12:31 PM